Proteome analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms of fucoxanthin-induced apoptosis in glial cells PC12 after nanoencapsulation

Fucoxanthin (FX) is a natural pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoid, which has been proven to have inhibitory effects on glioblastoma. In our previous study, nano-FX was fabricated through whey protein and flaxseed gum co-encapsulated for improved stability and glial cell (PC12) inhibitory activity of FX. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of FX-induced apoptosis in PC12 after nanoencapsulation, proteomics analysis based on TMT technology was performed. Protein profiles in PC12 were determined after 0 (Control), 8 (L_Treat), and 24 (H_Treat) μg/mL nano-FX intervention. Results indicated 78 differential abundant proteins (DAPs) linked to the cytotoxicity of nano-FX could be potential biomarkers. GO and KEGG analysis revealed altered proteasome and NF-kappa B/MAPK/TNF. Proteins involved in cell proliferation were downregulated, while proteins response to autophagy and apoptosis were upregulated. The multiple mechanisms involved in the anti-tumor activity of nano-FX will provide a reference for the development of FX high value-added functional foods. • 455 and 285 differential abundant proteins at L_Treat and H_Treat, respectively • Serine/threonine-protein kinase, mTOR and Map3k3 protein were downregulated. • Nano-FX regulated autophagy and apoptosis by inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR. • Nano-FX up-regulated apoptosis-related proteins and promote tumor cell apoptosis.