Probing 3D Magnetic Fields Using Starlight Polarization and Grain Alignment Theory

Abstract Polarization of starlight induced by dust grains aligned with the magnetic field (hereafter B -field) is widely used to measure the 2D B -fields projected onto the plane-of-sky. Here, we introduce a new method to infer 3D B -fields using starlight polarization. We show that the inclination angle or line-of-sight component of B -fields can be constrained by the starlight polarization efficiency from observations, the alignment degree provided by the magnetically enhanced radiative torque (MRAT) alignment theory, and the effect of B -field tangling. We first perform synthetic observations of starlight polarization of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a filamentary cloud with our updated POLARIS code incorporating the modern MRAT theory. We test the new technique with synthetic observations and find that the B -field inclination angles can be accurately determined by the synthetic starlight polarization efficiency once the effects of grain alignment, dust properties, and B -field fluctuations are well characterized. The technique can provide an accurate constraint on B -field inclination angles using optical polarization in low-density regions A V < 3 with efficient MRAT alignment, whereas the technique can infer further to high-density regions with significant alignment loss at A V ∼ 8–30 by using near-infrared polarization. Our new technique unlocks the full potential of tracing 3D B -fields and constraining dust properties and grain alignment physics on multiple scales of the diffuse interstellar medium and star-forming regions using multiwavelength starlight polarization observations.