Mangrove Ecosystems: A Promising Source of Novel Antibiotics and Their Ecological and Human Health Significance

Mangrove forests, resilient ecosystems flourishing along tropical coastlines in response torising sea levels, derive a diverse array of physical, chemical, and biological attributes fromboth the ocean and adjacent highland forests characterized by estuarial trees. Serving asecotones bridging the interface between land and sea, mangrove swamps exhibit horizontaland vertical stratification between forest cover and underlying soil. Phytochemical analysisreveals the presence of terpenoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins as theprimary compounds in mangroves. Given their rich chemical composition, mangroves holdimmense potential for the development of health-enhancing products and medicinalcompounds targeting a wide range of diseases. In recent times, recognition of the ecologicalsignificance and human benefits offered by mangroves has grown considerably, particularlyin light of the antibiotics and therapeutic substances derived from these ecosystems.Nevertheless, certain aspects of the current system remain unclear, such as the distribution ofantagonistic actinomycetes