Nanosponge-Encapsulated Polyoxometalates: Unveiling the Multi-Faceted Potential Against Cancers and Metastases Through Comprehensive Preparation, Characterization, and Computational Exploration

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: This study examined the fabrication and characterization of nanosponges (NS) laden with polyoxometalates (TiW₁₁Co) with the intention of targeting malignancy. <b>Methods</b>: By employing the emulsion solvent diffusion technique, TiW₁₁Co-NS were generated by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) in different concentrations. <b>Results</b>: A significant numerical results encompassed a hydrodynamic particle diameter of 109.5 nm, loading efficiencies reaching 85.9%, and zeta potentials varying from -24.91 to -27.08 (mV). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to validate the TiW₁₁Co-NS porous structure and surface morphology. The results of the stability investigation indicated that TiW₁₁Co-NS exhibited prolonged sturdiness. Investigation examining the inhibition of enzymes revealed that TiW₁₁Co-NS exhibited enhanced effectiveness against TNAP. Pharmacological evaluations of TiW₁₁Co-NS demonstrated improved cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects in comparison to pure TiW₁₁Co, thereby indicating their potential utility in targeted cancer therapy. In vivo investigations involving mice revealed that TiW₁₁Co-NS caused a more substantial reduction in tumor weight and increased survival rates in comparison to pure TiW₁₁Co. The resemblance of TiW₁₁Co for crucial proteins associated with cancer proliferation was featured through molecular docking, thereby supporting its therapeutic potential. <b>Conclusions</b>: The TiW₁₁Co-laden nanosponges demonstrated superior stability, enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anticancer efficacy, underscoring their potential for targeted cancer therapy.