Challenges and deep learning-aided models for the development of natural hydrogen

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that plays a crucial role in the transition toward a low-carbon economy. While most hydrogen is currently produced from fossil fuels or through water electrolysis using renewable energy, natural hydrogen (also known as white, native, geological hydrogen) represents an underexplored and potentially abundant source. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the development of natural hydrogen, highlighting the technical challenges in detection, exploration, production and transportation. To resolve these challenges, a number of deep learning-aided models have been developed, including geological feature detection models, phase equilibrium models and gas transportation models. Concluding remarks are discussed for insight into future research directions.