Barriers and limits to adaptation in the Arctic

The Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental changes, adaptation challenges, and geopolitical competition. Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the Arctic particularly experience these impacts affecting livelihoods, culture, and the possibilities for long-term adaptation. This study examines the social barriers and limits to adaptation in the Arctic, highlighting the intricate relationship between different social factors. We showcase that these factors are not merely technical or isolated but are deeply political in nature, influenced by broader structural factors, power dynamics, and governance systems. Colonialism, global capitalism, and geopolitical interests intersect and affect resource extraction, Indigenous sovereignty, cultural continuity, and adaptation. We highlight how structural inequalities, exclusion, marginalisation, and systemic neglect impact Indigenous Peoples’ adaptation. We examine how social norms, individual values, psychosocial factors, and governance systems shape adaptation outcomes, distinguishing between barriers and limits. • Colonialism created barriers and limits to Arctic Indigenous Peoples adaptation. • Governance failures and extraction industries undermine Indigenous sovereignty. • Climate change and marginalisation affect traditional knowledge and adaptation. • Economic disparities and forced sedentarisation reduce adaptive flexibility. • Psychosocial stress and cultural alienation weaken long-term community resilience.