Direct measurement of fluorocarbon radicals in the thermal destruction of perfluorohexanoic acid using photoionization mass spectrometry

Thermal destruction is a critical cornerstone of addressing the rampant contamination of natural resources with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, grave concerns associated with stack emissions from incineration exist because mechanistic studies have thus far relied on ex situ analyses of end products and theoretical calculations. Here, we used synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry to study the pyrolysis of a representative PFAS-perfluorohexanoic acid-and provide direct evidence of fluorocarbon radicals and intermediates. A key reaction pathway from perfluorocarboxylic acids to ketenes via acyl fluorides is proposed. We furthermore propose CF₂/CF₃ radical-centered pyrolysis mechanisms and explain their roles in the formation of other products that may form in full-scale incinerators. These results have not only unveiled the role of radicals and intermediates in thermal PFAS decomposition and recombination mechanisms but also provide unique insight into improving the safety and viability of industrial PFAS incineration.