Classification of Large Scale Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images Based on LS3EU-Net++

Aimed at the limitation that existing hyperspectral classification methods were mainly oriented to small-scale images, this paper proposed a new large-scale hyperspectral remote sensing image classification method, LS3EU-Net++ (Lightweight Encoder and Integrated Spatial Spectral Squeeze and Excitation U-Net++). The method optimized the U-Net++ architecture by introducing a lightweight encoder and combining the Spatial Spectral Squeeze and Excitation (S3E) Attention Module, which maintained the powerful feature extraction capability while significantly reducing the training cost. In addition, the model employed a composite loss function combining focal loss and Jaccard loss, which could focus more on difficult samples, thus improving pixel-level accuracy and classification results. To solve the sample imbalance problem in hyperspectral images, this paper also proposed a data enhancement strategy based on “copy–paste”, which effectively increased the diversity of the training dataset. Experiments on large-scale satellite hyperspectral remote sensing images from the Zhuhai-1 satellite demonstrated that LS3EU-Net++ exhibited superiority over the U-Net++ benchmark. Specifically, the overall accuracy (OA) was improved by 5.35%, and the mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) by 12.4%. These findings suggested that the proposed method provided a robust solution for large-scale hyperspectral image classification, effectively balancing accuracy and computational efficiency.