A robust optimization model for intensity‐modulated radiotherapy: Cheap‐Minimax

The c-minimax model successfully overcomes the limitations of the PTV approach and the over-conservativeness of the minimax model, demonstrating significant advantages in managing uncertainties in complex cases, such as breast cancer. By providing superior robustness compared to PTV and reducing OAR doses relative to minimax, the model offers a flexible and clinically feasible strategy to enhance treatment quality. The marked reduction in high-dose regions (hotspots) in superficial tissues and skin highlights its potential to lower toxicity risks and improve patient outcomes. These results provide quantitative evidence of the practical benefits of robustness-compromise-oriented approaches in IMRT.