Grid topology classification heuristic using the time coordination in adaptive protection systems

This paper presents an alternative approach to classifying grid topologies in adaptive protection systems, focusing on time coordination rather than traditional clustering methods. By grouping grid topologies based on main and backup relay pairs, our method ensures that similar protection requirements are met across different grid topologies. Our comprehensive simulations reveal that the selection of the initial solution significantly impacts the formation of grid topology classes and the resulting time-dial settings in the Setting Groups. These findings emphasize the importance of multiple heuristic runs to achieve robust Setting Groups determination and reliable protection performance.