A state estimator using synchronized phasor measurements for power systems containing VSC-HVDC links with converter losses

This article focuses on enhancing the formulation and implementation of state estimator (SE) using phasor measurements units (PMU) for transmission systems including voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) links. An equality constrained SE considering synchronized phasor measurements for hybrid power systems is proposed, where AC/DC power losses in the VSC station are taken into consideration. The associated measurement model encompasses both AC and DC measurements. For the AC network, PMU devices supply with synchronized voltage and current phasor measurements the SE. DC measurements are acquired from the DC side of the VSC stations and are assumed to be sampled at the same rate as the synchronized phasor measurements. Zero injections and AC/DC coupling equations are modeled as equality constraints. The effectiveness and estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated on complex AC/HVDC test systems.