Optimal PV operation in emergency scenario with virtual inertia provision

The increased penetration of photovoltaic systems (PVs) into transmission and distribution networks constitutes a step forward in the achievement of sustainable development goals around the world. However, high PV penetration at medium-and low-voltage (LV) distribution networks is associated with voltage violations due to reverse power flows at peak PV generation time and frequency instability caused by the lack of inertia in the system provided by conventional synchronous machines. Solutions to the latter have been explored in literature, mainly on the topic of virtual inertia provision using combined software-hardware solutions. This paper proposes a method to address both voltage violations and frequency instability through a combination of PV active power curtailment and the switching on and off of strategically placed emergency lines tested on the medium-voltage IEEE 22-bus network.