Multianalytical characterization of Byzantine wall paintings by SEM-EDX,μ-XRD, raman and FTIR techniques

In this study, various analytical methods were employed to examine the mineral based natural pigments in the frescoes of themedieval (9th century) Byzantine church, known today as the Atik Mustafa Pasha Mosque. The techniques include μ-X-ray diffraction(μ-XRD), Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The SEM-EDX technique enabled the identification of the chemical element compositionin the studied pieces, while Raman and FTIR spectroscopies, as well as XRD, allowed the identification of mineral phases and mineralbased natural pigments in the paints of the frescoes. Fragments of various colors (red, black, yellow, green, pink, cream, and white) wereinvestigated. The analyses showed that the red (and pink) tones were primarily due to hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH) and cinnabar(HgS), amorphous carbon (C) was used to achieve the black color. Yellow tones were mostly attributed to limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O) andthe greens were the result of celadonite (K(Mg,Fe2+)(Fe3+,Al)[Si4O10](OH)2), while the white color was provided by calcite. The combinedapplication of the different analytical methods used proved to be a powerful tool for identifying and determining the compositionalmakeup of the mineral based natural pigments present in the studied samples. This highlights the importance of a multi-analyticalapproach in characterizing the investigated historical wall paintings.