Ideology or Survival: Where is Iran’s Foreign Policy Heading in the Emerging New World Order?

The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is often subject to contrasting interpretations. Scholars and analysts in international relations have long debated its underlying nature. While some view it as fundamentally driven by ideology, others argue that this ideological veneer masks Iran’s strategic pursuit of national interests. This article examines the role of ideology and self-help dynamics in the context of Iran’s quest for independence in a constantly shifting multipolar world order. The analysis draws on Iran’s approach to managing challenges ‘both North and South’—from forging partnerships with China, Russia, and India on one hand, and, on the other hand, asserting influence in its backyard to countering pressures from the West. Compounding these external challenges is domestic factionalism, with reformists and hardliners vying for influence, further complicating foreign policy making. The paper explores how Tehran leverages strategic partnerships to counterbalance sanctions and isolation while navigating the risks of over-dependence on any external power. It argues that Iran’s foreign policy reflects a precarious balance, shaped by the convergence of internal power struggles and external pressures in an increasingly fragmented international system.