ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ПЕРВИННИХ СТРАТЕГІЙ ВИДІВ РОДУ GENTIANA L. У ВИСОКОГІРНИХ ЦЕНОЗАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КАРПАТ

The study presents an analysis of changes in differential (ontogenetic, age-related, spatial, vital structural, and self-supporting) and integral (recovery index, strategy type) characteristics of population strategies in rare alpine species of the genus Gentiana L. (Gentiana lutea L., Gentiana punctata L., Gentiana acaulis L.). These species grow in the Ukrainian Carpathians under varying degrees of pastoral and recreational pressure, soil silting, and sodification. The results demonstrate that the studied species exhibit distinct primary strategy types: G. lutea is classified as a K-strategist, G. punctata belongs to the K-S-type, and G. acaulis to the S-R-type. Long-term anthropogenic transformation of the high-altitude ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians has weakened the manifestation of these primary strategy types. Under protected conditions, where G. lutea populations experience low stress and minimal disturbance, they tend to acquire characteristics of the K-S-type (Lemska) or K-R-type (Pip Ivan Marmarosky). The primary strategy of G. punctata shifts to K-S-R-type (Pip Ivan Marmarosky), while G. acaulis transitions to an S-type strategy (Breskul). When optimal abiotic and phytocoenotic conditions are maintained but biomass extraction from the population increases, the strategy of G. lutea shifts to K-R-type (Sheshul-Pavlik), while stress-tolerant traits become more pronounced in the G. acaulis subpopulation (Pip Ivan Marmarosky). Our findings indicate that under severe stress and high disturbance, characterized by intensified silting and soil sodification, combined with increased biomass removal, populations of all species exhibit a heightened stress-tolerant strategy. This process leads to a gradual decline in plant density, a reduction in population range, and ultimately, progressive population decline. These trends have been documented in the G. lutea habitat on Vorozheska Mountain, in G. punctata habitats on Tatul and Vorozheska Mountains, as well as in G. acaulis populations on Hoverla, Turkul, and Rebra Mountains.