A robust optimization formulation for the integration of photovoltaics in a low-voltage distribution network: Malta case study

The Maltese islands’ high solar irradiance makes them an ideal location for photovoltaic systems (PVs), offering significant potential for sustainable and decentralized power generation. In the context of low-voltage (LV) distribution networks, various studies utilizing stochastic analyses have linked an increase in PV penetration with voltage violations at load buses and line thermal limit violations resulting from reverse power flows through the feeder head. Despite these challenges, real-time active network management (ANM) solutions for addressing such issues have been underexplored. This paper introduces a robust optimization approach coupled with the open-source tool Open-DSOPF to obtain quantitative data on how PV active power generation may be curtailed to ensure a network can stay within the nominal operational limits. Real smart-meter load and PV profile data is used in the simulation, ensuring accurate modelling of a Maltese LV feeder from the island of Gozo. Open-DSOPF is used to perform a three-phase unbalanced optimal power flow seeking to minimize PV active power curtailment. Results show that curtailment is positively correlated with the total feeder path length to load buses at which PVs are present.