Production Objectives and Trait Preferences of Smallholder Farmers in the Philippines: Implications for Designing Breeding Schemes Utilizing Indigenous Swine Genetics

Profit maximization is not the only production objective in farming. For smallholder farms worldwide, family sustenance often takes priority, with production being viewed more as savings-oriented than market-oriented. Furthermore, market pressures can lead to the mismanagement of indigenous livestock resources, increasing their risk of genetic erosion. To ensure the long-term conservation of the Philippine native pig, this study aimed to determine the various types of native pig farmers and define the intervention strategies for each type. A total of 432 native pig farmers representing seven provinces in the Philippines (Benguet, Kalinga, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Quezon, Marinduque, and Eastern Samar; n = 52–76) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that covered sociodemographic information, production objectives, herd-level data, breed choice and trait preferences, market preferences for specific traits, breeding and selection practices, production and management practices, and challenges encountered. The data obtained was then used to make specific recommendations for each type of farmer to meet their production objective and ensure the long-term genetic conservation of the native pig. Three farmer types were identified, each requiring unique interventions to increase farm productivity. These were: (i) the ‘income-driven’ farmer (Type 3) (n = 58), (ii) the farmer in a ‘classic mixed-farm’ who raises native pigs for supplemental income (Type 2) (n = 217), and (iii) the ‘productoriented’ farmer (Type 1) who traditionally produces niche products as part of their regular diet (n = 119). Based on farmer trait preference, it is therefore recommended to increase the growth and reproduction traits of the native pig to maintain its relevance to smallholder livestock farmers and ensure its long-term genetic conservation. Breed development strategies may include crossbreeding or participatory breeding approach, depending on the farmer type.