Effect of dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and intestinal health of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

This study suggests that supplementing <i>C. butyricum</i> has a significant immunomodulatory effect on hybrid grouper, enhancing serum immune parameters, alleviating intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and promoting intestinal health. Although no significant impact was observed on growth performance, the role of <i>C. butyricum</i> in improving intestinal barrier function and modulating the gut microbiota highlights its potential for enhancing fish health.