The Perioperative Use of Codeine and Tramadol in Pediatric Population

Codeine and tramadol are two commonly used opioids for pediatric pain. However, death and severe respiratory distress cases following codeine administration illustrated there would be a significant heterogenous response to these opioids depending on CYP2D6 phenotypes, leading to FDA warning against pediatric use. Here we will comment on the current status of pediatric pain management in the context of codeine and tramadol.