The economic and environmental impact of limiting air routes where there is a rail alternative: a case study of Spain

Abstract The current Spanish government pact includes a measure aimed at restricting domestic flights on routes where a rail alternative is available with a duration of less than 2.5 h. This measure aligns with similar initiatives undertaken by neighbouring countries, with the French model serving as a prominent example. In this study, we quantify the economic and environmental impacts of this policy using input–output analysis, taking into account the current post-COVID trends in the Spanish air and rail sectors. Given the lack of specific implementation details within the measure, we have developed several scenarios to explore its potential application both presently and in the future. The results indicate that while such measures negatively affect the aviation value chain, these adverse impacts are largely mitigated by the substitution with rail transport. Trains emerge as a superior alternative for reducing emissions, given their relatively low environmental impact. The various scenarios demonstrate significant differences in outcomes, underscoring the importance of the chosen implementation strategy in determining the overall impact of the measure.