Study on energy-autonomous technology for energy consumption performance and climate adaptation in independent public toilets based on DesignBuilder simulation

To enhance energy efficiency and climatic adaptation, this study explores the potential of energy-autonomous technology (EAT) in independent public toilets. Many public toilets today suffer from significant resource wastage due to reliance on external electricity, water, and sewage systems. EAT aims to address these issues by efficiently managing toilet energy requirements. Using DesignBuilder software, we simulated and analyzed energy consumption under various climatic conditions. The results highlight that Nanning, with its strong sun irradiation and mild temperatures, exhibits a daily peak energy use of around 3.25 kWh, making it ideal for implementing such technologies. In sunny but colder locations like Xining, there are also notable advantages. Tianjin, with an effective heat gain of approximately 3,090 MJ, demonstrates significant annual energy generation. Significant emission reductions were observed in Lhasa, emphasizing the environmental benefits of EAT. This research contributes academically by providing a comprehensive analysis of EAT performance in different climates, filling a gap in the existing literature regarding the application of EAT in public toilets. Practically, it offers a novel solution for promoting hygienic facilities in water-scarce or underdeveloped areas, where access to conventional sanitation is limited. From a policy perspective, our findings support the adoption of renewable energy strategies that align with broader environmental goals, such as reducing CO₂ emissions. By demonstrating the effectiveness of EAT in diverse geographic settings, this study underscores its potential to contribute to sustainable development and improved public health infrastructure.