Limitations of Artificial Intelligence. Why Artificial Intelligence Cannot Replace the Human Mind

This paper examines the historical and contemporary challenges in the development of artificial intelligence. Replicating the human mind—with its intentionality, self-awareness, and creativity—has been, from its inception, a major challenge in artificial intelligence (AI) research. A fundamental issue remains the inability of AI systems to address “why?” and “for what purpose?” questions, underscoring the distinction between machines and humans in terms of meaning-making and contextual interpretation. Contemporary technologies, such as neural networks and deep learning, aim to emulate cognitive mechanisms observed in biological systems. Nonetheless, limitations such as the “frame problem” and the inability to simulate intentional states persist as significant barriers in the development of these systems. These challenges have prompted an interdisciplinary approach, integrating engineering, philosophy, psychology, and biology, and have led to the emergence of the concept of “naturalness” in AI design. This concept emphasizes mimicking not only cognitive functions but also the adaptive and goal-directed processes characteristic of the human minds.