Review of the AI-Based Analysis of Abdominal Organs from Routine CT Scans

Accurate and timely segmentation of liver trauma in computed tomography (CT) images is essential for effective diagnosis and management in emergency medicine. This review examines advancements in liver segmentation techniques from 1993 to 2024, focusing on deep learning models and their impact on improving diagnostic accuracy for liver injuries. Early methods relied on basic image processing, which faced limitations due to noise, intensity variations, and complex abdominal anatomy. The advent of deep learning has transformed this domain, with architectures such as UNet, UNet++, UNet3+, multiscale large kernel (MSLUNet), and Swin-Unet achieving significant improvements in segmentation precision. Additionally, generative adversarial networks (GANs), including conditional GAN and pixel-to-pixel (Pix2Pix) GAN, have further enhanced image quality and detail, addressing deficiencies in traditional methods. This review provides a comparative analysis of these models, highlighting their strengths and limitations in liver injury segmentation.