Sustainable prospects of lignocellulosic wood and natural fiber-based materials in 3D and 4D printing

Abstract The sustainable options for 3D/4D printing, utilizing lignocellulosic materials derived from wood and natural fibers, have gained significant attention in the pursuit of building a greener and more environmentally friendly world. As environmental concerns continue to grow, there is an increasing focus on greener materials and manufacturing processes. The utilization of these environmentally friendly alternatives as substitutes for synthetic fiber filled polymer matrices in 3D/4D printing is driven by the objective of enhancing the material properties of printed items while reducing material costs. 3D/4D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, represents a promising frontier in environmentally friendly manufacturing. Recent progress and advancements in 3D/4D printing technology have expanded its capabilities beyond prototyping to the rapid fabrication of finished goods. This review explores the characteristics, processing techniques, mechanical and physical properties, applications, and future possibilities of sustainable 3D/4D printed products developed from wood and natural fibers. Architectural design and polymer selection have the potential to yield materials with improved functionality, mechanical characteristics, porosity, and stability. Additionally, the multifunctional polymer-based 3D/4D printing product development has enabled the production of biomedical devices, electrical products, and aerospace-related items. The challenges associated with utilizing these products for large-scale production and other aspects of sustainable 3D/4D printing will also be discussed, along with recommendations for future solutions. Overall, this work offers valuable insights that can guide future research, development, and implementation of lignocellulosic-based 3D/4D printed composites. By exploring the potential of these sustainable materials in 3D/4D printing, it contributes to the advancement of environmentally friendly manufacturing practices and promotes the adoption of greener alternatives across various industries. Graphical Abstract