Applications of citrus peels valorisation in circular bioeconomy

Plant-derived biomass, in particular, offers a raw material that is potentially cost effective in producing affordable food, energy, feed, sanitation, and clean drinking water. Citrus fruits have been extensively documented for their beneficial health effects and significant contribution to agricultural waste worldwide as fruit peels, which are often discarded and hence remain unexploited. Polyphenols found in citrus peels have health-promoting benefits and serve as catalysts/resources for producing valuable ingredients. The current review highlights the exploitation of citrus peels in the production of biofuels, essential oils, bio-based nanomaterials, and the enrichment of functional foods, thus highlighting their nutritional and health benefits. Conclusively, the review comprehensively aligns with sustainable practices in the agro-industrial sector, alongside the circular bioeconomy concept. • Citrus fruit peels are a rich source of polyphenols associated with health activities. • Citrus fruit peels act as green biomass for the synthesis of nanomaterials and carbo-nanomaterials. • Valorisation of citrus fruit peels produces essential oils, biofuels, and functional food products. • Systematic employment of citrus fruit peels plays an integral part in the circular bioeconomy.