Preclinical Evaluation of the Safety, Toxicity and Efficacy of Genetically Modified Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Expressing the Antimicrobial Peptide SE-33

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) offer promising therapeutic potential in cell-based therapies for various diseases. However, the safety of genetically modified MSCs remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the general toxicity and safety of Wharton's Jelly-Derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) engineered to express the antimicrobial peptide SE-33 in an animal model. Genetically modified WJ-MSCs expressing SE-33 were administered to C57BL/6 mice at both therapeutic and excessive doses, either once or repeatedly. Animal monitoring included mortality, clinical signs, and behavioral observations. The toxicity assessment involved histopathological, hematological, and biochemical analyses of major organs and tissues, while immunotoxicity and immunogenicity were examined through humoral and cellular immune responses, macrophage phagocytic activity, and lymphocyte blast transformation. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated in a <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>-induced pneumonia model by monitoring animal mortality and assessing bacterial load and inflammatory processes in the lungs. Mice receiving genetically modified WJ-MSCs exhibited no acute or chronic toxicity, behavioral abnormalities, or pathological changes, regardless of the dose or administration frequency. No significant immunotoxicity or alterations in immune responses were observed, and there were no notable changes in hematological or biochemical serum parameters. Infected animals treated with WJ-MSC-SE33 showed a significant reduction in bacterial load and lung inflammation and improved survival compared to control groups, demonstrating efficacy over native WJ-MSCs. Our findings suggest that WJ-MSCs expressing SE-33 are well tolerated, displaying a favorable safety profile comparable to native WJ-MSCs and potent antimicrobial activity, significantly reducing bacterial load, inflammation, and mortality in an <i>S. aureus</i> pneumonia model. These data support the safety profile of WJ-MSCs expressing SE-33 as a promising candidate for cell-based therapies for bacterial infections, particularly those complicated by antibiotic resistance.