Multi-scale neural homeostasis mechanisms: Insights into neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic approaches, including exercise

Neural homeostasis plays a crucial role in enabling the nervous system to adapt to internal and external perturbations by modulating molecular activity, synaptic dynamics, and structural stability. This review delves into the multi-scale regulatory mechanisms of neural homeostasis, spanning from molecular signaling and cellular activity to circuitry regulation and behavioral outcomes. By examining neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease as case studies, we demonstrate how multi-scale homeostatic disruptions lead to impaired motor function and disease progression. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies, such as exercise, that target specific scales of homeostatic regulation, emphasizing the potential of multi-dimensional approaches for restoring neural function. Our findings highlight the importance of a multi-scale perspective as well as the beneficial effects of exercise in treating neural disorders.