Impact of PV Penetration on Frequency Stability: Modified IEEE 9 Bus System's Power Grid Study

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the impact of photovoltaic (PV) penetration on frequency stability in Malaysia's power grid, considering the country's ambitious goal of achieving 40 % renewable energy generation by 2035. The study focuses on the effects of PV system integration on grid performance, particularly during contingencies, by analyzing the frequency Nadir points and the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) under different PV penetration levels. A combination of power plants, including hydro, gas, and coal generators, is considered to represent Malaysia's power grid capacity. The load demand profile provided by the Grid System Operator (GSO) is integrated into the time characteristic section of the Modified IEEE 9 bus system, ensuring realistic load conditions. The research methodology proposed in this study offers a novel approach to evaluate the impact of PV penetration on frequency stability, accounting for varying solar power profiles. The results demonstrate that the frequency of Nadir points decreases as PV penetration increases, indicating a higher degree of frequency instability. Moreover, the RoCoF values corresponding to these scenarios indicate an increasing trend in frequency instability with higher PV penetration. Based on the comprehensive analysis, it is evident that higher PV penetration adversely impacts the frequency stability of the grid. The significance of addressing the incorporation of PV systems and implementing suitable strategies to guarantee the dependability and resilience of power grids becomes evident as the adoption of renewable energy expands.