Enhancing Rehabilitation for Frozen Shoulder With a Two-Degree of Freedom Approach

Frozen shoulder, also known as Adhesive Capsulitis (AC), is characterized by shoulder joint pain and restricted movement caused by capsule inflammation, which is frequently associated with injury, surgery, or illnesses such as diabetes. Current therapies, such as corticosteroid injections and rehabilitation exercises, have disadvantages, with injections being uncomfortable and potentially producing long-term damage, and rehab sessions commonly missed due to logistical difficulties. This research provides a remedy for AC using 2-degree of freedom (DOF) workout equipment designed specifically for the indigenous population to assist in executing critical rehab activities. Our results reveal that for flexion, the average angle at high speed was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$101.94^{\circ}\pm 11.26^{\circ}$</tex> and at low speed was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$103.10^{\circ}\pm 8.52^{\circ}$</tex>. For extension, the high-speed average was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$64.53^{\circ}\pm 14.42^{\circ}$</tex> and low speed was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$65.03^{\circ}\pm 14.06^{\circ}$</tex>. In abduction, the high-speed average was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$102.91^{\circ}\pm 6.84^{\circ}$</tex> and the low-speed average was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$102.56^{\circ}\pm 9.12^{\circ}$</tex>. For adduction, high-speed had an average of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$72.15^{\circ}\pm 13.70^{\circ}$</tex> and low speed was <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$65.03^{\circ}\pm 14.06^{\circ}$</tex>. Thus, patients can utilize it independently or with physiotherapists, which will help reduce sessions and ensure effective exercise application at home.