One-Node Method to Implement Smart Grid Functions Using a Battery Storage System

This paper develops and tests the performance of the one-node method for implementing aggregated smart grid functions to operate residential loads. The developed method is based on utilizing a battery storage system (BSS) at the point-of-supply feeding the target residential loads. The power ratings of the BSS can be selected based on the required reduction in the load power demands during the peak-demand hours. Furthermore, the charging and discharging of the BSS are set based on peak-demand and off-peak demand hours and stability constraints for voltage and frequency at the point-of-supply. The proposed operation of the BSS is set to have it charge energy during off-peak-demand hours, and discharge energy during peak-demand hours. The energy charge into the BSS can be viewed as the equivalent thermal energy storage in thermostatically controlled appliances (TCAs), when operated using smart grid functions. The one-node with a BSS method is implemented and tested for a university campus that has 45 buildings, which are fed from one substation (point-of-supply) through a distribution system. Tests are conducted for the Summer and Winter seasons to demonstrate the efficacy of the developed method. Test results demonstrate accurate adjustments of power demands during peak-demand and off-peak-demand hours, along with simple structure to operate the BSS. Moreover, test results show the ability of the one-node method to reduce power losses and improve the voltage at the point-of-supply during peak-demand hours.