Toward Precision Health: A Bluetooth-Enabled, Miniaturized Glucose Monitoring Wearable

In this work, a miniaturized, Bluetooth-enabled glucose monitoring wearable patch is proposed. The device integrates improved potentiostatic systems and microneedle technology to enable minimally invasive and real-time monitoring of glucose levels. For the microneedle autocalibration, an automatic glucose oxidation peak detector algorithm is implemented within the microcontroller for more stability in glucose measurements. The calibration process also reduces the operation time during chronoamperometric measurements. The device’s functionality is extended beyond continuously monitoring glucose in the interstitial fluid (ISF) by integrating off-the-shelf sensors for heart rate and body temperature monitoring. The integration of these sensors and the wireless communication protocol is managed to ensure the seamless operation, minimal power consumption, and user comfort. The device operates using a dedicated cross-platform application to collect and display data. The sensitivity of the glucose sensor is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${30}.{44}~\text {nA}/\text {mM}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, covering a dynamic range of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${1}.{5}{-}{14}~\text {mM}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Through a detailed examination of power management strategies and sensor data integrity, this study demonstrates the feasibility of such integrated health monitoring devices for everyday use. With ultralow power consumption of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${103}~\mu \text {W}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the device has an extended battery life of \text {204} days by using a smart energy management technique. Moreover, the microneedle sensor offers a long lifespan of \text {15} days before needing replacement. The device has potential utility in the personalized healthcare and clinical settings.