Case Report of an ABO-Matched Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant-Associated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare complication of ABO-matched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Post-HSCT AIHA is diagnosed by a positive hemolysis laboratory work-up and positive direct antiglobulin testing with usually a pan-reactive antibody in indirect antiglobulin testing. In this case report, we describe the diagnosis of post-HSCT AIHA in a 62-year-old male patient and its management with combined immunosuppressive therapy with steroids, rituximab, and intravenous immunoglobulin to achieve transfusion independence and disease remission. Post-HSCT AIHA is generally refractory to treatment but this case highlights the role of combination immunosuppressive therapies to maximize the likelihood of transfusion independence.