Biochemical and Histomorphological Assessment of Lead-Induced Renal Damage in a Male Wistar Rat Model

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a hazardous metal that presents substantial health hazards to both humans and animals. Extended exposure to lead can result from various causes, such as contaminated water, soil, and industrial emissions, causing nephrotoxicity and kidney damage. Methods: This study investigated the long-lasting impact of lead acetate on the kidneys of Wistar rats. The rats were categorized into four distinct experimental groups, consisting of one control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups were exposed to varying amounts of lead acetate (2.5%, 3.0%, and 3.5%). The rats had a 35-day treatment period during which their weights was closely monitored, and after sacrificing, kidney function, and histological alterations were assayed. Findings: The data revealed a significant increase in weight among the groups receiving therapy, which can be attributed to the accumulation of water and edema. The 2.5% lead acetate treatment group exhibited higher creatinine levels, suggesting kidney damage. The histological examination showed evidence of kidney injury, including glomerular lesions, fibrotic lesions, and the buildup of leukocytes. Conclusion: Lead acetate induces nephrotoxicity and weight gain in Wistar rats, resulting in a substantial effect on both kidney function and structure. The study emphasizes the significance of taking into account several biomarkers and histological observations in order to comprehend the effects of toxic chemicals such as lead acetate. The results indicate that exposure to lead acetate can result in the development of chronic kidney disease, highlighting the importance of appropriately managing and disposing of items that contain lead.