Performance Analysis of Reconfigurable STAR-Passive-OIRS Aided NOMA Beamforming Based FSO Heterogeneous Networks for Beyond 5G

This paper presents a Free Space Optical (FSO) communication framework integrating Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (STAR-RIS) with Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), beamforming, and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).Zero Forcing (ZF) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) algorithms enhance signal quality, while Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) improves spectral efficiency and resource allocation.The 88 MIMO configuration significantly boosts spectral efficiency and signalto-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), while STAR-RIS provides 360 coverage and addresses non-line-of-sight (NLOS) challenges.Simulation results show that STAR-RIS improves data rate by 40% and reduces BER by 55% compared to LOS.Spectral efficiency is enhanced by 30% with NOMA over OMA, while MIMO 88 achieves a 50% capacity gain over SISO.STAR-RIS expands coverage area by 70% compared to RIS.Fisher-Snedecor F and Rician distributions ensure reliable performance in urban and turbulent environments.STAR-RIS is a promising solution for scalable and efficient Beyond 5G (B5G) networks.