Biochar Application: A Sustainable Approach for Mitigating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants

Biochar is a carbon-rich material derived from the pyrolysis of biomass has emerged as a sustainable soil amendment for improving plant health and productivity under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. This review examines the multifaceted role of biochar in mitigating plant stresses and emphasizing its potential as a holistic solution for sustainable agriculture. Biochar porous structure and surface chemistry enable enhanced soil properties including improved water retention, nutrient availability and microbial activity which collectively bolster plant resilience to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. Simultaneously, biochar acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens and insect pests by altering plant physiological functions (defensive genes), rhizosphere chemistry, promoting beneficial microbial communities and releasing allelopathic chemicals that suppress plant pathogens, insect pests and weeds. Case studies reveal that biochar amendments not only reduce disease severity and pest infestation but also improve crop yield and quality under adverse conditions. Furthermore, biochar role as a carrier for nanoparticles and bio-pesticides presents a novel strategy for integrated pest and disease management. Despite its promising applications, challenges such as variability in biochar properties and their interactions with soil and crop systems require further research. This review consolidates the latest advancements in biochar research highlighting its mechanism of action, applications and limitations while proposing future directions to optimize biochar for stress management. The insights presented aim to support the development of sustainable agricultural practices that enhance food security and environmental resilience.