A REGIONAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF VARIATIONS IN URBAN POVERTY IN INDIA

Urban poverty in India has been consistently declining over the past five decades due to economic reforms, industrialization, and various government initiatives. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variations in urban poverty across different states and time periods. The research is based on secondary data from the Census of India, NSSO, NITI Aayog, and RBI reports, employing descriptive, analytical, and comparative research methods. Findings indicate significant disparities among states, with Bihar (31.23%) and Manipur (32.59%) having the highest urban poverty rates, whereas Goa (4.09%) and Himachal Pradesh (4.33%) recorded the lowest. Over time, urban poverty decreased from 49.01% in 1970-71 to 13.7% in 2022-23. Key contributing factors include the Green Revolution, economic liberalization, expansion of the IT sector, and targeted welfare schemes such as PMAY, NULM, and Digital India. Despite fluctuations, particularly in 2010-11, government interventions like Aadhaar-linked subsidies and direct benefit transfers have effectively reduced poverty levels. However, challenges persist due to rising urban migration and socio-economic inequalities. The study underscores the need for inclusive policies, employment generation, and better urban infrastructure to further alleviate urban poverty and ensure sustainable development.