VPS25 Promotes an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery is essential for various cellular processes, yet its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is poorly understood. We utilized The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets to analyze the expression of ESCRT genes. Bulk RNA-sequencing data and HNSCC tissue microarrays (TMAs) were used to evaluate VPS25 expression and its clinical significance. Single-cell RNA sequencing of tumor tissues and <i>VPS25</i> knockdown experiments in CAL27 cells were used to investigate its biological functions. Immunohistochemistry, spatial transcriptomics, and immunotherapy datasets highlighted the involvement of VPS25 in immune suppression and its potential as a predictive biomarker. The results demonstrated significant VPS25 overexpression in HNSCC tissues, which correlated with poor clinical outcomes. It promoted tumor cell proliferation and migration while reducing immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, by upregulating PVR expression in tumor cells, VPS25 activated the immunosuppressive PVR-TIGIT signaling axis, thereby facilitating immune evasion. Furthermore, <i>VPS25</i> emerged as a potential biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response. These findings highlight VPS25 as a pivotal regulator of tumor progression and immune evasion in HNSCC and a promising target for therapeutic strategies.