Protection challenges for offshore wind power plants: towards a converter-dominated power system

The paper presents a comprehensive review of challenges for relay protection functions highlighted in academic literature and research papers in recent years. These challenges are examined within the context of the increasing share of converter-based renewable sources in the power systems. The main features of converter dominated system which are crucial for protection operation are discussed. Grid code requirements essential for relay protection study are introduced. The paper offers a detai led analysis of each compromised protection function and extends these findings to assess protection functions in offshore wind power plants (OWPP) with different types of grid connections. The review identifies both the similarities and differences in protection challenges across various scenarios.