Spatiotemporal Evolution and Obstacle Factor Analysis of Land Ecological Security in the Surrounding Areas of Beijing, China

Land ecological security is essential for sustainable land resource use and socioeconomic development. This study presents an evaluation index system combining single-indicator quantification, multi-indicator integration, and multi-criteria comprehensive assessment. It evaluates the land ecological security of 13 regions in the surrounding areas of Beijing from 2012 to 2021. Using Natural Breaks classification and hotspot and coldspot analysis, the study explores the temporal trends and spatial patterns of land ecological security. The obstacle degree model identifies constraining factors, and geographically weighted regression analyzes spatial heterogeneity. The results show the following: (1) The land ecological security index increased from 2012 to 2021, with rapid growth in southeastern Beijing and the three northern counties of Langfang, indicating high security levels. (2) The land ecological security of the region exhibits a symmetrical north–south distribution, with high-security areas concentrated in the Langfang Urban Area, Sanhe City, and Dachang County, while low-security areas are primarily found in Chicheng and Zhuolu counties. (3) The key factors hindering land ecological security are land economic density, fixed-asset investment per unit area, and GDP growth rate, with varying impacts across counties, showing significant spatial heterogeneity.