An overview of recombinant vaccines against viral, fungal, bacterial and parasitic diseases

In the present era, particularly with the outbreak of infectious diseases including viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial infections, the need for designing and producing vaccines has become more critical than ever. Vaccination is one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century, protecting and improving the quality of life for people worldwide. Recombinant vaccines, produced using recombinant DNA technology, are discussed in this study. The microorganisms causing infections in humans, birds, and animals include adenovirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, human papillomavirus, Brucella and Listeria, Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Listeria. Vaccination is a highly effective strategy for controlling these types of diseases, making the acceleration of vaccine development essential for combating these diseases. Since one of the main factors contributing to the increased frequency and severity of diseases is the lack of cellular or humoral immunity, vaccine strategies must be safe and effective in hosts with both healthy and compromised immune systems. Advances in proteomics and systems biology have facilitated the development of several proposed vaccines, particularly as these vaccines enable the localization of proteins and the description of their changes, functions, and interactions.