How I Do It/How I Teach It (With Video): Endoluminal Techniques for Submucosal Tumors of the Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Junction

Submucosal tumors (SMTs) are often discovered incidentally during endoscopy as protrusions in the gastrointestinal wall, typically with intact overlying mucosa. While most SMTs arising from the esophagus are benign, some carry a risk of malignant transformation, warranting removal. Endoscopic resection provides a minimally invasive option that preserves esophageal structure and function. This review outlines endoluminal techniques for the resection of SMTs located in the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. These techniques include Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR), Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD), and Endoscopic Full-Thickness Resection (EFTR) [including Submucosal Tunneling Endoscopic Resection (STER)]. The review highlights key technical details to improve the endoscopist’s skill and precision in these procedures.