The Use of Advanced Technologies and Novel Processes for Metallurgical Study of Metal Objects Retrieved from Shipwrecks

Abstract The metallurgical characterization of artefacts from shipwrecks requires a multidisciplinary approach. To preserve them, advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are preferred to destructive techniques to minimize any potential damage. Characterizing ancient objects provides valuable insights into past life and technology, offering crucial information about the ship itself. Here, we describe innovative techniques developed for NDT of copper-alloy and ferrous artefacts retrieved from shipwrecks. Several case studies illustrate the advantages of employing advanced methods of multifocal light microscopy, field multifocal metallography, and chemical cleaning and conservation techniques. The analyses revealed details about the composition, microstructure, and manufacturing processes of the items, while also contributing to their dating. The results from NDT methods were consistent with those obtained from destructive methods. These approaches can enhance our understanding of metal artefacts recovered from both marine and terrestrial environments.