Analysis of Secondary Metabolites (SMs) in Ochradenus baccatus Collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and its Potential Preventive Role on Coccidia that Infect Rabbits

Background: The increasing focus on medicinal and aromatic plants is due to their secondary metabolites (SMs), which offer a feasible alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals. O. baccatus has been historically employed in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Rabbits serve as a protein source and contribute to ecological balance. Methods: A study was performed on the phytochemical composition of the extract from O. baccatus. The antioxidant activity of O. baccatus extract was assessed in vitro using ABTS assays and the IC50 values were determined. The antiparasitic activity in vitro was evaluated using five distinct concentrations of O. baccatus extract. The extract’s inhibition of sporulated oocysts was evaluated after 72 hours. Result: The FT-IR analysis of the C. spinosa extract revealed the presence of 12 distinct compounds. The GC-MS analysis identified approximately 11 primary biologically active compounds. The extract exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with inhibition rates varying from 93.655% to 17.255% across concentrations of 500 to 15.625 μg/mL. The IC50 value was determined to be 147.032 μg/mL. The antiparasitic effects were evaluated in vitro, revealing that oocysts exhibited the highest level of inhibition at concentrations of 50 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL.