Workplace Discrimination and Labour Rights: Examining the Effectiveness of Anti-Discriminatory Laws in Protecting Vulnerable Workers in Nigeria

Workplace discrimination remains a significant challenge in Nigeria, and it affects vulnerable workers, despite the existence of legal frameworks aimed at promoting equality. This study critically examines the effectiveness of anti-discriminatory labour laws in protecting marginalised employees with a focus on gender bias, ethnic exclusion, and the treatment of people with disabilities. Grounded in social justice and intersectionality theories, the research takes a qualitative approach by analysing secondary data from legal documents, policy reports, and court cases. The results show that weak enforcement mechanisms, long court processes, employer resistance, and sociocultural biases make it harder for anti-discrimination policies to be put into place in the workplace. Case studies of labour disputes underscore persistent injustice, whereas unions and advocacy groups play a vital role in addressing workplace discrimination through collective bargaining and litigation. Despite these efforts, structural challenges continue to undermine workers' rights. The study recommends strengthening regulatory agencies, amending outdated labour laws, promoting corporate social responsibility, and raising public awareness to ensure workplace inclusivity. Coordinated action among government institutions, labour unions, employers, and civil society organisations is required to address these gaps and foster a fair and equitable labour market in Nigeria.