Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from <i>Ficus carica</i> leaves and its chemical composition, antioxidant and UVB-protective properties

This study explored the protective effects of <i>Ficus carica</i> leaves (FCLs) against UVB radiation. Using response surface methodology (RSM), optimal extraction conditions for flavonoids were established, yielding 35.28 mg/g. HPLC-MS/MS analysis identified the components and various tests assessed their antioxidant and UVB protective capabilities. A sunscreen formulation with 0.10 wt% FCLs achieved an SPF of 25.6, surpassing commercial products (SPF 25). Additionally, FCLs extracts reduced <i>E. coli</i> mortality and protected zebrafish tail fin from damage after UVB exposure. These findings suggest FCLs are promising for sunscreen and antioxidant applications and may benefit psoriasis and vitiligo treatment.