Single Scattering Dynamics of Vector Bessel–Gaussian Beams in Winter Haze Conditions

This study investigates the scattering dynamics of vector Bessel–Gaussian (BG) beams in winter haze environments, with a particular emphasis on the influence of ice-coated haze particles on light propagation. Employing the Generalized Lorenz–Mie Theory (GLMT), we analyze the scattering coefficients of particles transitioning from water to ice coatings under varying atmospheric conditions. Our results demonstrate that the presence of ice coatings significantly alters the scattering and extinction efficiencies of BG beams, revealing distinct differences compared to particles coated with water. Furthermore, the study examines the role of Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes in shaping scattering behavior. We show that higher OAM modes, characterized by broader energy distributions and larger beam spot sizes, induce weaker localized interactions with individual particles, leading to diminished scattering and attenuation. In contrast, lower OAM modes, with energy concentrated in smaller regions, exhibit stronger interactions with particles, thereby enhancing scattering and attenuation. These findings align with the Beer–Lambert law in the single scattering regime, where beam intensity attenuation is influenced by the spatial distribution of radiation, while overall power attenuation follows the standard exponential decay with respect to propagation distance. The transmission attenuation of BG beams through haze-laden atmospheres is further explored, emphasizing the critical roles of particle concentration and humidity. This study provides valuable insights into the interactions between vector BG beams and atmospheric haze, advancing the understanding of optical communication and environmental monitoring in hazy conditions.