Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination, Distribution, and Source Identification in Surface Sediments from the Mid–Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

River sediments serve as both a source and a reservoir for potential heavy metal pollutants, providing critical insights into the health of aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metal contamination in global river systems poses significant risks to human health through the food chain. This study investigates the contents of heavy metals, including Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, in surface sediment samples collected from the mid-upper reaches of the Yellow River, which flows through the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Henan. We analyzed the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of these metals and assessed their pollution levels by identifying potential sources of contamination. The findings reveal elevated concentrations of Cr and Cd in the mid-upper reaches of the Yellow River, with particularly severe pollution observed in certain urban areas. The sources of these heavy metals are primarily linked to human activities related to production and daily life. This study offers valuable guidance for local pollution control and prevention strategies.