Graphdiyne-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications

Graphdiyne (GDY)-based nanomaterials are a novel class of two-dimensional carbon structures characterized by a distinctive arrangement of sp - and sp² - hybridized carbon atoms that have garnered significant interest because of their unique properties. The presence of alkyne linkages in these materials leads to a highly conjugated system with uniform pores, offering a plethora of opportunities in diverse technological applications. This review delves into the intrinsic properties of GDY, including its electronic, mechanical, and optical characteristics, which are pivotal for its biomedical utility in fields such as sensing and detection, bio-imaging, tumor therapy, drug delivery, and antibacterial treatments. Despite these promising attributes, the field faces ongoing challenges, including a deeper comprehension of the formation mechanisms, development of scalable synthesis routes for single- or few-layer GDY sheets, and thorough investigation of the basic physical and chemical properties. This paper highlights the existing applications of GDY-based nanomaterials in nanotechnology and identifies the critical research directions necessary for harnessing the full potential of this emerging material.