The Impact of Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activities as Mediating Factors on Subjective Well-being and Physical Health

Abstract This study explores the effect of moderate and vigorous physical activities on subjective well-being and physical health, with moderate and vigorous physical activity as intermediate variables. Survey data were collected from 420 individuals across 92 households between August and October 2019 in Malang Greater Area, Indonesia, including socio-demographics, travel characteristics, time use activity diaries, and Health Quality of Life (HQL) assessments. Using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the study finds that moderate physical activity is more prevalent among males, young adults (18-25), middle-aged individuals (46-55), middle-income earners, and workers, with positive influences from household dynamics and non-motorized travel modes. At the same time, private vehicle ownership negatively impacts activity levels. Vigorous physical activity is more common among females, young adults, and those aged 23-45, particularly among workers and those engaged in in-home leisure and sports. However, it is negatively associated with the use of multiple private vehicles and public transport. Both moderate and vigorous activities are linked to improved physical health; however, subjective well-being is lower among individuals aged 23-55 and low-income earners, though positively influenced by non-motorized travel and time-use activities. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering socially engaged, physically active lifestyles within sustainable urban environments. This study highlights the intersections of public health, sustainability, and urban planning, supporting strategies that integrate physical activity promotion into broader urban planning and transport policies, ultimately enhancing individual and community well-being and contributing to environmental sustainability goals.