Investigating the main drivers of COVID-19 outbreak challenges in metropolis management: a case study of Mashhad, Iran

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant global impact, particularly in developing countries. Understanding the specific challenges faced by urban areas like Mashhad is crucial for effective planning and policymaking. This study utilized the Delphi method to identify and evaluate key challenges presented by COVID-19 in Mashhad. A survey involving 27 experts in urban affairs and COVID-19 management was conducted, and data analysis was performed using MicMac software. The study pinpointed ten major challenges in Mashhad, encompassing economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions. The most notable challenges found were socioeconomic issues, such as the lack of diagnostic facilities and government deficiencies in poverty reduction. These findings offer valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers to address the pandemic's impact on Mashhad and strive towards a more resilient urban future. The absence of diagnostic facilities due to inadequate government management ranked highest in both direct and indirect influences, underscoring a significant systemic issue. The substantial scores (647 direct, 604 indirect) highlight the pressing need for enhanced healthcare infrastructure and efficient local government management. This shortfall not only impedes immediate response efforts but also contributes to the virus's transmission, leading to broader public health crises. Furthermore, the results shed light on systemic challenges like government inadequacies in poverty alleviation and the repercussions of political tensions presenting the crisis's complexity. Lastly, income stability (409 direct, 411 indirect) is vital for sustaining household well-being and economic resilience. Job losses and income insecurity worsen socio-economic disparities and hinder recovery, making it a critical area of focus.